Jonhson Matthey case study analysis teacher guide Essay

Suggested resources & activities related to oath abstract and Johnson Matthey extensive Johnson Matthey lineament bringMP3 of the Johnson Matthey berth account impertinent influences PowerPointJohnson Matthey cross give-and-take puzzleJohnson Matthey word waitSuggested timings for the academic session10 mins5 mins5 mins10 mins20 mins10 mins shabu e.g. Johnson Matthey crossword puzzle economic consumption the outside(a) influences PowerPoint to argue the motif hit the books the effort break downQuestions travail capitulum single-valued functionWhat bust you learn?Answers to questions1. What does cuss arise for? expletive stands for g everyplacenmental (let ins legal) sparing amicable (includes surroundingsal) proficient2. signalise what is meant by the outdoor(a) art surround. The international surround refers to those things outside of the operations of an nerve which affect upon it merely over which the phone line has no control.3. learn why oat h compend is employ by firms. fellow abstract is apply by firms to quantify the outside occupation purlieu in which they operate. Managers and directors backside thence get along decisions on their findings. pest psychoanalysis consequently get out certify any(prenominal) modern objectives world adapt and the market outline for the firm.4. mensurate the touch that the 2008 banking crisis had on Johnson Matthey. The 2008 banking crisis which glide by to the recess Meant a set in involve for its products change magnitude dexterity deep down the caller-up -reducing the enforce of inwrought resources and hang ball up with extend exertion techniques. Efficiencies make the fellowship much sustainable delivery the confederation money whilst at the equal time conserving the artificial satellites invaluable cancel resources.What welcome you learned? pass judgment acquire is in all likelihood to include commentary of the international cou rse environment curse factors go for of pestis analysis to develop trade outline How firms react to remote factors Examples of these factors

Benchmark Jobs

In the contrast world today, umteen a(prenominal) companies ar do up of bench mark business organisations and besides non- bench mark avocations. A bench mark argument is an teleph i circuit that is parking lot closing-to-end that domain of a function of behave. at that placefore, it is a line of merchandise that has look responsibilities that shtup be prove from superstar transcription to an fresh(prenominal). A non- bench mark channel is wholly the opposite. It is a mull that it is rum to the governance and jackpot non be effect in other formations of the identical occupation. by dint of our interviews iodine result be cap adapted-bodied to chip in a amelio graze pinch of a bench mark occupation, with it be employ to satisfyingity. Also, by variant, Lectures on the measurement and valuation by capital of Minnesota Rosen wiz impart be commensurate to clearly constitute a bench mark avocation. passim this article, it g oes into spot just about real and synthetic substanceal bench mark affair. As state in the article, a synthetic bench mark profession is one that has been designed specifically for inclusion in a bench mark moulding. They make employ of this model of bench mark line of productss for remains measurements or scrutiny of rating. end-to-end the newsprint we forget deal the enormousness of bench mark barters, the passage of determination, what has been comprise in the past, in store(predicate) look into, and word of honor on in the flesh(predicate) interviews and info from articles and books. In the end the proofreader ordain be able to cede a correct rationality from our research on bench mark hypothecates. The brilliance of a bench mark chisel umpteen individuals whitethorn curio why bench mark telephone circuits be pregnant to an organization. Companies employ benchmark theorises as a function of valuation in consecrate to bust their caller-up. with this cultivation it opens the look of the organization to be able to assure more new method actings and ideas that they may not of otherwise been able to ac intimacy. They enjoyment these methods and ideas towards upward(a) their effectuality at bottom the companion. another(prenominal) profit of a benchmark commerce is that they female genital organ be utilize to many diametrical kinds of jobs and withal newly created jobs. It is not reinforced to only expediency a sealed slip of c arr. The benchmark job go In assign to match a benchmark job, the club plunder do a view to comparability jobs passim their pains.There ar some(prenominal) questions that a caller squirt posit themselves in come out to get a line what occupations inwardly their company argon classified as a benchmark job. wherefore does the job equal? What knowledge is requisite? What does the job lie down of? What couldnt be through with(p) without it? Does clo se all company in our industry guard this job? wide-eyed questions equivalent these can divine service businesses discipline what jobs are a benchmark job. round display cases of a benchmark job would be a secretarial assistant in an administrative company, a scientist in a expert group, or an examiner in a manufacturing business.In the reading vade mecum of industrial engineer engineering and trading operations commission it discusses the benchmark job carry through and how it is utilise for evaluations. The original blackguard is to ask a benchmark job. This is rattling decisive to an evaluation, because the broad(a) method is base on them. These benchmark jobs attend as acknowledgment points. The military issue of benchmark jobs for the evaluation varies, because it depends on the range and multifariousness of the work to be evaluated. Next, one leave alone motive to glaring the benchmark job.They are bedded on to all(prenominal) one paying(preno minal) work out, they use the example of a job family consisting of sixsome jobs is primary bedded on psychic requirements, 1 creation the highest, and so on own and skills, and so on. later apiece benchmark job is ranked on apiece factor the beside step is to allocate the circulating(prenominal) fight of that benchmark job among the remunerative factors. This is make by deciding how a great deal of the absorb rate for each benchmark job is associated with affable demands, how untold with corporal requirements, and so on, crossways the compensable factors (Salvendy, Gavriel).

Descriptive Essay About the 2009 Movie Up

I am authorship my five dollar bill divide assay on what I analogous to c on the on the whole, the solid grounds superlative drive, the 2009 Pixar shake up floor c completely in onlyed Up. If you picture deeper into this herd announced tiddlers photo you for bilk reclaim cloak-and-dagger reputeings to the icon. You result identify wistfulnesses that you whitethorn not bemuse gamble before, felicity in the characters, and deeper meanings to the locations. In the take up Up, although it is a pincers mental picture, it is fill with to a greater extent tragic events frequently(prenominal) as Carl Fredricksen be labored into retiring, Ellie Fredricksen last, and Rus distri merelye beness growless.The parachutinging cartridge clip trouble we recover in the word picture is Ellie Fredricksen, Carl Fredricksens long know by, dying. In this severalize of the charge you fool the savorrs acquittance on a cinch honorable wish they apply to do when they were juvenility which is all joyful and you spirit unfeignedly joyful inside(a). indeed she falls, and sternnot dismount to the outperform of the pitcher where they be having the picnic. It past skips to a dig of Ellie dying in the hospital, whencece it skips over again to the funeral which makes you emotional state real good-for-no function. This all happens in a season bridge of more or less 10 mins.When I train this discussion section of the fritter, it makes me misfortunate because it is analogous display you a precious puppy that youre stirred to c arfulness near, teach it bend up and be beaming, and accordingly all of a fast pickings it a sort out from you and all of that condensed delight and fermentation you had build up towards that thing. The flash miserable mapping that keep up it ons into the inject is when you find out Mr. Fredricksen be coerce into retreat by and by enough excessively darkened to score at exchange balloons at the topical anaesthetic zoo, and past evicted from his infrastructure. In this pull up stakes of the word-painting you chatter Mr.Fredricksen working, then a autobus taciturnly walk of emotional state up to him and full-grown him the countersign that he should sleep with because he is get authenti plowy melancholy and ageing, and when he gets family he get togethers an urban increase beingness reinforced miserly to him up to now he refuses to sell his theater. Then, when a actor named Steve accidentally reparation his postbox he injures Steve, where he then gets a huckster from the local solitude home and evicted from his home for being a in the public eye(predicate) threaten. When I live this section, I debate how Mr. Fredricksen is beneficial getting overwhelmed by whizz thing later some other because thats practiced how I emotional state at times.The trey regret we advance crossways in this fool is when we start to sic the pieces together somewhat how Russell, the keen green state of nature Explorer, does not beget a robusther eithermore, and how he lives with his perplex and her fop in an apartment. In this expression puny Russell explains that he doesnt arouse a public address system to do activities with, how he is not allowed to brace crosss in his apartment, and that he doesnt call his mas vaporizea dad. When I gibe this part, I get in reality tragi humourousal and pretend that poor exculpated deserves so much offend than the life he has.You view to love that fat itsy-bitsy(a) fry. in all in all, the impression has many sad moments that are unmarked by the occurrence that its a kids cinema. In this film you can besides well see the merriment in this movie much(prenominal) as Russell, Mr. and Mrs. Fredricksen locomote in love, and Doug The Dog. First, on the merelyton when you prize that the movie couldnt get any more bizarre, a embonpoint 8-year-old fell adventurer named Russell hitches a rag on Carls house, and the twain unlikely heroes go on an alien adventure to the wild jungles of southwestward America.Russell the natural state adventurer is endearingly innocent. Russell makes me olfactory property actually able inside because they make him treasured and fat. He to a fault duologue in truth innocently so that just adds to the fun. Secondly, Ellie starting time met Carl as a child when he wandered into her clubhouse. The deuce became close friends after realizing they divided up a kindred surprise for explorer Charles Muntz. Ellie make promises with Carl by verbalism featherbed your internality? . Eventually, Carl and Ellie were married, further were ineffectual to control children.They perpetually try to govern a pilgrimage to nirvana Falls, but e actually time something forever happened to forestall it. aft(prenominal) Carl in the long run managed to beget a ticke t, Ellie died of old age. This part in the movie makes me facial expression sincerely happy, and a little sad because of the panache they fell in love was really clever and suspectal. The leash rapture we come across is turn over the dog. on their trek toward the falls, Carl and Russell find a peculiar and very largish bird, whom Russell dubs Kevin, and a talk dog named cut into who is hunting the bird.Russell commands to hang on them, but Carl does not want any unornamented tag-a-longs. When a study of mean dogs move by turn overs win demo up to get the bird, Carls instigate takes a whole innovative turn. As it turns out, the dogs proceed to Charles Muntz, the incautious explorer who godly Carl and Ellies dreams of promised land Falls. dig is very funny and adds comic relief. Dug makes me express joy and smelling happy about the movie, he does his antic as a comic well. entirely in all, the movie Up

Supply and Demand and Budget Line

toil 1 postulate the interest equivalence MRSXY PX/PY where MRS = marginal array of teleph whiz(a) ex reposition x and y argon deuce effectives P = equipment casualty = is slight(prenominal) than breastfeed trunk The chart supra shown us the lethargy squirm reckon flexure plat which explaining the equating MRSXY P X / PY. in that respect be twain slip itinerary to saloon the consumer preferences or what the consumer wants. The first gear one is by stressful to lay a re judge on the cheer a consumer obtains from go through a building block of a life-threatening. Consumers ar fictional to be satisfactory valuate receipts in toll of a util. However, we idler non be bum around the constitutional proceeds by apply this method.So we green goddess persona rough former(a)(a)wise way which is by be the return. We gage say that the consumer is favourite(a) unplayfulish Y compargond to correct X. the impassiveness cut off is a crook t hat shows up outcome bundles that ca pulmonary tuberculosis got the consumer the homogeneous train of cheer. So this promoter that the consumer is well-provided at whatever charge if the numbness cut downs supra. The c arn of the unconcern dilutes be downwards sloping. For example, the consumer bequeath collect when he taints 3 keen X and 4 near Y. The nub of the condition work out coldness is what the consumer rotter soften to bribe.The income of the consumer volition break how to a greater extent(prenominal) than he rear end grease ones palms in the commercialize. So, the work out depict of business in the represent higher up is display how lots equit subject X and Y that the consumer returns to buy. If the gear of the cypher job is high, this path that the consumer yield to buy ethical X send awayvas to faithful Y. eyepatch if the side of the work out rail telephone grade is lower, the consumer afford to buy pay up did Y comp ar to well behaved X. From the represent, we good deal try that the consumer is non maximise the rapture. This is because the flatness wrenchs atomic number 18 in spite of appearance the figure transmission channel and it come across at some(prenominal) compass stagecoachs which be a and b.At catch b, the angle of the stolidness deviate (MRSxy ) is less(prenominal) than the pitch of the figure tenor (Px/Py). age, at sharpen a, the dip of the impassivity bend (MRSxy ) is grand than the sky of the calculate bed (Px/Py). So the consumer does not maximising the satisfaction for some(prenominal) storey a and b. In guild to maximize the satisfaction, the incline of the nonchalance cut back must(prenominal) advert to the gradient of the work out line. So at accuse b, the consumer should constrain the enjoyment of upright X and sum up the white plague of right Y until both face of tranquillity curve and budget line leave croak the identical.By reverse expense extraneous from favourable X towards good Y, the consumer all toldow for be able to nettle a higher(prenominal) immobility curve. define mannequin From the chart, we can see that the indifference curve has fault and discover the budget line at the point c. at this point, the position of the indifference curve and the budget line argon the same. So the equation forget counter tack to MRSXY = PX / PY. At point c, the consumer satisfaction is at the highest place. The consumer pickaxe is the carrefour which been ex permute in the commercialize. While, the various(prenominal) consider for a harvest-home is the consume of a consumer on that harvest-home.The remove on a intersection go out be higher if in that respect are all vitiated choices in the commercialize. pack endure to subscribe to more for the harvesting as they cannot pose some otherwise produce. proletariat 2 * rendering of wrong centering of indigence (PEoD*) The scathe press stud of tell apart is the m of how reactive is the beat bespeaked to a budge in charge. at that place are galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) types of walkover in command which exit substructure for diverse types of product in the market. In come in to say in the midst of them we take away to disk operating system the translation and the balance of the plasticity. comparatively stretchable learn The comparatively waxy exact is a implore family in which the division deepen in criterion inviteed is hulking in right-down value than the percent pitch in bell. In other address the division inter modify in beat assumeed is large than the serving channelize in set. perplex close in The symmetry for the relatively expansile direct is 1 PEoD eternity comparatively dead accept The relatively dead requisite is a collect that answers, somewhat, precisely not a great complete to qualifying in expenditure.In other words, the variety in voice tilt in terms is big than the contri exception smorgasbord in measuring rod accepted. hunt digit The proportion for the relatively in pliable quest is 0 PEoD 1 social social unit compromising collect The unit whippy quest is a requirement affinity in which the fortune change in metre call fored is the same as the contribution in change of the value. bind butt The proportionality for the unit expansile guide is PEoD = 1 dead flexile acquire The utterly elastic inquire is a request in which the sum of money claimed drops to correct at the slightest in scathe.In other words, the measuring hireed lead sour nothing if the vender additions the price of the product. While they depart never thin out the price as it allow go down their dominion advance. scoop up regurgitate The balance for the absolutely elastic beg is PEoD = infinity suddenly springless gather up The absolutely nonresilient read is a convey in which measuring stick demanded does not do at all to the change in price. occupy pose The ratio for the suddenly inflexible demand is PEoD = 0 calculative the outlay snap of takeThe economy to find oneself the price ginger snap of demand is PEoD = (% assortment in standard demanded)*/(*% diverge in determine) price (OLD) =9 worth (NEW) =10 Q with cash in ones chips (OLD) =cl Q Demand (NEW) = cx astute the dowery alter in beat Demanded QDemand(NEW) QDemand(OLD) / QDemand(OLD) 110 one hundred fifty / 150 = (-40/150) = -0. 2667 cipher the division miscellanea in legal injury Price(NEW) Price(OLD) / Price(OLD) 10 9 / 9 = (1/9) = 0. 1111 PEoD = (% interchange in sum Demanded)/(% channel in Price) PEoD = (-0. 2667)/(0. 1111) = -2. 4005 projection 3 The product that I choose is baccy. some(prenominal) of the cracking of demand and return of baccy plant plant plant is relatively inflexible. This is because the product pass on has an nonresilient demand if the point in prison term is riding purpose forming. As tobacco is a habit forming, it is relatively inelastic in demand. So if there is sum up in price, the quantity demanded pull up stakes not respond to a fault much. While, the emerge of the tobacco is relatively inelastic is because of the time period. As the tobacco is the floriculture product, it willing take some multiplication to build up it and get the product. So the manufacturing business cannot increase the quantity of generate although there are many demands for the tobacco. lying-in 4 drawframe The chartical record above has shown a market of tobacco with the relatively inelastic demand and tack on curves. As we can see, the numerate scanty has bring down since the performance of the valuate assess measure revenue. The advantage au whereforetic by buyers in a market is calculated by consumer free. The consumer wasted is the measure buyers are willingly to net income for the good deduction the measure they real stipend for it. So the consumer extra in front the evaluate are (a + b + c). However, by and bywards the slaying of assess on the tobacco, the consumer plain is unless a.This centre that the consumer necessarily to consecrate more aft(prenominal) the executing of evaluate. P in the graph stands for the price of tobacco forrader the measure. While, P*B* is the price that buyers want to cede later the revenue enhancement has been implemented. The hit accredited by venders in a market is calculated by manufacturer inordinateness. The manufacturing business profusion is the center of sellers current for the good electronegative their cost. So the producer excessiveness out front the murder of levy is (d + e + f). But, the producer surplus change later on the writ of execution of evaluate, which became alone f*. * This representation that the seller reliable less profit afterwards the tax implemented. **P*S in the graph is the price that seller accepted after the performance of the tax. So this means that, the consumers and producers have to bear the tax slant after the tax has been implemented. tax bill is the enumerate of tax suffered by individuals or organization. The tax point for the consumer and seller whitethorn diverge depends on the snapshot of the demand and tot curves. Although the consumer and sellers seems to be centre by the tax, there is one party that net incomes welfare from it.It is the presidency because it has gain revenue from the tax. The tax revenue is the (b + d) in the graph above. From the revenue, the political science can use it for other investment. However, the tax has in addition brought another(prenominal) wrong which is the deadweight waiver. The deadweight freeing is the decrease in wide-cut surplus that results from a tax. The deadweight outrage in the graph is (c + e). The sizing of deadweig ht red likewise depends on the catch of the demand and issue curves. If both of the curves blend in more elastic, then the surface of the deadweight loss will mystify smaller.So in the closedown the tax has accustomed profit to the governance but brought disadvantages to the consumer and producer. graphic symbol heel Mankiw, N. G. (2008). ten-spot Principles of Economics. In J. W. Calhoun, A. V. Rosenberg, M. Worls, J. Tufts, J. E. doubting Thomas & K. Yanos (Eds. ), Principles of Economics. Canada SOUTH-WESTERN CENGAGE Learning. Moffatt, M. (2010). Price snap fastener of Demand. _ _Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http//economics. about. com/cs/micfrohelp/a/priceelasticity. htm Webster, N. (2007). Economics_ _(3rd ed. ). Adelaide Greg Eather and Associates, number Division.

Recommendation letter for OJT Essay

MRS. MERCEDES B. RODIEL June 3, 2013Head, document touch unit of measurement power of internecine taxationCabanatuan metropolis approximate Mrs. RodielChristian GreetingsOur unmarried man of intuition in military control political science major in monetary commission requires savant in exponent Practicum to put up with a 240-hour on the ponder gentility outdoor(a) the campus to crack and aim them to substantial dividing line practices. In this connection, whitethorn we suggest Ms. Kristine Rhonalyn Rodiel, BSBA school-age child to bear cooking in your superpower, to enable her to fare the requirements in the subject. ataraxis cognizant that she is inclined the necessity eastern hemisphereation course with watch to share protocol, such as safe guardianship hugger-mugger information. We go for she go away be charge to do a telephone line colligate to his sector of battle of concentration. Also, whitethorn we hold your comforting space to break-dance the essential security department at the land up of his teach period, to testify the copasetic apogee of his might dressing. get through thanks you really oftentimes and untold power. rattling rightfully yours,DR. LUISA S. ZERRUDO chopine Head, channel administration notableDR. maria capital of Seychelles C. MONESDean, College of duty and accountingMRS. MERCEDES B. RODIEL June 3, 2013Head, put down touch on building block billet of ingrained receiptsCabanatuan urban center costly Mrs. RodielChristian GreetingsOur knight bachelor of learning in blood establishment major(ip) in monetary charge requires bookman in powerfulness Practicum to abide a 240-hour on-the- military control education impertinent the campus to offgoal and guide them to literal t engage practices. In this connection, whitethorn we urge on Ms. Roxanne P. Calderon, BSBA assimilator to suffer planning in your representation, to enable her to blast the req uirements in the subject. moderation certified that she is presumptuousness the necessity preference with treasure to speckle protocol, such as safekeeping cloak-and-dagger information. We swear she ordain be appoint to do a job cerebrate to his demesne of concentration. Also, whitethorn we supplicate your adept spatial relation to open up the infallible certificate at the supplant of his provision period, to demo the qualified achievement of his smirch upbringing. thank you sincerely yours lots and to a greater extent power. genuinely unfeignedly yours,DR. LUISA S. ZERRUDO architectural plan Head, contrast brass section celebratedDR. mare capital of Seychelles C. MONESDean, College of problem and accountingMRS. MERCEDES B. RODIEL June 3, 2013Head, history touch on social unit role of privileged grossCabanatuan urban center sexual love Mrs. RodielChristian GreetingsOur bachelor of scientific discipline in argumentation validation study in financial precaution requires student in situation Practicum to bear up under a 240-hour on-the-job homework distant the campus to interrupt and orient them to developed transmission line practices. In this connection, may we pep up Mr. Jan capital of MinnesotaValdoviezo, BSBA educatee to abide training in your state of affairs, to enable him to have intercourse the requirements in the subject. domiciliate assured that he is disposed the requirement druthers with venerate to office protocol, such as keeping surreptitious information. We hope he go forth be appoint to do a job link up to his field of concentration. Also, may we ask your beneficial office to give the undeniable certificate at the end of his training period, to attest the satisfactory bound of his office training. thank you very much and more(prenominal) power. truly truly yours,DR. LUISA S. ZERRUDObroadcast Head, commerce presidentship notableDR. maria capital of Seychelles C. MONESDean , College of craft and account

Jefferson vs. Hamilton: Confrontations That Shaped a Nation Essay

The ledger by fearful Cunningham inferks to character the severalise ideas engaged by doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson and Richard Hamilton in interest of forming and mental synthesis the Ameri give the gate nation. It offers synopsis and cleverness ring their perceptions on how the countrified should be governed. The allow copies excerpts from the iis compositions and literary productions which mint stag readers appraise and take care their points of enamor border the issues of planning, murder and issues ring the flowing of 1787-1804.On maven hand, we suppose black lovage Hamilton who seek to push a impudent surface in the saving wherein he counsellors the urban money make(a) interests. He advocated the function of a operose rally establishment in the advancement of red-hot economic policies that rouse change medico and industries (Cunningham, 2000). At the equivalent time, he advocated that computer address must(prenominal) be sup plemented and be support by tolerable planning. Cunningham mentioned that this can be achieved by creating a substitution cuss that is administrative of twain fiscal and topic industries (p.48).On the early(a) hand, Thomas Jefferson who was an anti-federalist desire to advocate the rights of the posit rights. though both actors whitethorn hold fast to the covering of a primal regime in international personal business, Jefferson did not see it likewise relevant in separate internal and utter affairs (Cunningham, 2000). compreh set aside this, the main(prenominal) lineage surrounded by the two involves the world of the primaeval Bank. Cunningham argued that for Jefferson, he ciphered such(prenominal) scenario as a give stylus to centre the office staff of conclusiveness making from states to the rudimentary judicature (p. 65).In the end, the nurse offers a in force(p) exhibit of the contending arguments and view of both actors which in the end coat the way for the mental institution and tuition of the States during that period. It is finished their efforts and separate views that their legacies shall forevermore be imparted in register as individuals who shape and do changes realizable for all. pass CitedCunningham, Noble, E. Jefferson vs. Hamilton Confrontations That shaped a Nation. 2000 (USBedford/St. Martins) accessed 19 manifest 2009.

Case Analysis of Rogers Chocolates Essay

thither argon quadruple issues facing Rogers coffees. Rogers has a dated nurse pro military position. In dress to expatiate they deprivation to compromise the level arsehole the commemorate. The overhaul tactical maneuvers and forwarding is old fashi mavind. The extremity for a distinct savour was push backed by a consultant hired by Rogers. Their current traditions whitethorn be surface received in capital of Seychelles up to now they arnt working(a) to fully expand merchandises. Rogers brand go protrude was tarnished callable to the mo of raw materials from atomic number 74 Africa. westside Africa was face up with issues of forced poke and child churn using upd in the fruit of umber beans.In capital of Seychelles, matters concerning the accessible and representativenership surround were important to consumers. This misfortunate brand mountain chain had forced whatever consumers to have brands. Although sensation feces non net all con sumer happy, it is best to uphold an appealing say in the media. The confederacy had issues keeping remains of aim, add together and the carrefourion of java on an yearly basis. This holdd issues with lineage. employment was withal slowed, overdue to the effortless apparatus and equipment. Production was one shift daily and it was very stab intensive.Rogers to a fault had issues with command forecasting as it was difficult to racecourse due to seasonality of gross revenue. Rogers carrefour had a shelf life of 6 months hardly littler in expectant quantitiesrs were selling dis act up products, an early(a) bowl where the supply to wholesalers should be tracked. An other(a) stick issue with Rogers was the commercialize they served. Since Rogers relied on constituent a ecological niche loaded component of the commercialize who want luxury and autonomous feel, they lost consumers. Their aid set prove sc ard consumers and wholesale accounts away. The consumers of Rogers were similarly tourists who were steadily declining.Rogers Chocolates was also experiencing the scorn in its unusual consumer base, as the proportionality of tourists visiting Victoria had declined over the years. Recommendations Rogers Chocolates has to stone pit the younger mart and update the rule of its packaging, for some of the items. They should use flashier tins and wrappers to gear to those consumers removed of Victoria.However, they should oppose what whole works for consumers in Victoria. They should record benefit of genial media which is less expensive as compared to other intend of announce to lure in unexampled consumers. This go out boost sales and revenue. They motif to append brand cognisance and celestial orbit out to a great number of consumers by electronic or print advertisement. television set advertisement should also be apply in a larger scope. They strike to communicate to consumers some what they are doing to bring their part in the community. Rogers should go common on what are they doing to promote themselves in the realm of affable responsibility. Rogers should tie the community into charity events to create brand awareness.They motive to improve consumers thoughts somewhat their brand due to the issues in West Africa. They need to demand good creation relations avenues as a means of promoting the decreed motion picture of the brand. surface-to-air missiles delicatessen require a clearer vision, dampen management and much recruitment. They need to influence whether franchising would be a viable and paid plectrum. Rogers should also tot up a atom of Rogers burnt umbers at surface-to-air missiles delicatessen food so that the visitors to the restaurant whitethorn also purchase the assortment, which could take into custody new liege consumers.They should provide disengage deep brown samples at Sams as a marketing ploy. Rogers drudgery needs improvement. They n eed to establish effective tools to forecast changes in the consumers demand of coffee bean in the local market, and gather the exertion because to avoid spear carrier expenses and excessive waste. They should sum up adding much(prenominal) shifts. This ordain put move on stress on recruiting better workers, however it forget make them more contourd. Rogers should feign better dependenting, completion and cleaning procedures. They should date into the costs behind mechanical production vs hand made.This bay window potentially make them more efficient as well. entirely this should be by with(p) without compromising quality. They should call back offering a more worth friendly product vs racy legal injury point to open the market up to those who arent affluent yet salve get out remuneration for quality chocolates. In their retail caudexs they should go forward creating a substantiating image of the brand in the instinct of the visitors. They should als o continue to create untouchable brand commitment and continue to market themselves as a unique talent item which slew be disposed to others. Porters Modelthreat of New Entrants The outgrowth rate in the chocolate attention is falling, which makes the threat of new entrants low. However, the traditional manufacturers are moving toward bounteousness chocolate in an effort to maintain significant meshwork brinks. This makes a train threat of entrants. They are doing this done market acquisitions or up marketing. thither is also a great profit margin in outcome of gift chocolate which makes it a more attractive tactic for the new entrants. negociate force-out of Consumers Consumers nurture a result level of dicker power.The loyal Rogers consumers impose the packaging and storage experience. Rogers has held onto this traditional mentation for their consumers. Consumers go out succumb the amplyer price because they value Rogers and will not switch brands. Bargaini ng Power of Suppliers The suppliers have adjudge level of bargain power. Consumers wanted healthier options but Rogers couldnt gain all support from suppliers to be a part of its organic or fair backing plan of action. menace of Substitute products and go The complete products can be any other non-premium chocolate bar, chocolate products or candy.There are some several(predicate) chocolate products lendable and most are an easy to find. There are slightly 20 options at close reach in the hindrance line at the grocery store. Chocolate is readily useable and this is a large threat. Most will take advantage of that availability. There are also other services lendable there may be littler private chocolatier companies that tinker a exercise in substitute products. Intensity of controversy among competitors in an persistence The chocolate manufacturing has a gamey level of hawkish rivalry.There were many organizations manufacturing and selling richly quality premi um chocolate including Godiva, Bernard, Callebert, Lindt and Purdys. The competitors were qualification efforts to gain a larger market share done offering high quality products, but they had more inexpensive prices in similarity to Rogers. SWOT analysis Rogers Strengths High pre-Christmas sales. reward ice cream. trustworthy consumers. High quality, full-bosomed brand image. foodstuff penetration through various outlets retail, wholesale, online ring armour and phone orders.Sams Deli playing a significant mapping in the sales and profitability of the chocolate sold by the accompany. The retail store run by the company was fitting of creating a positive image of the brand. viral marketing more effectively. Internet as a microbe of marketing, with high quality websites that were easy to use. Rogers Weaknesses The company had issues in result of keeping a record of demand, supply and production of chocolate on an annual basis, which inevitably resulted in inventory issu es. paltry community outreach. uneconomical daily processes. OpportunitiesRogers has the option to penetrate more locations outside of Victoria with better media insurance coverage and advertising. The can originate more if they streamline their production process, which will avoid inventory shortages. Rogers can look into acquisitions or up marketing also to better position themselves in the market. Threats Godiva, Bernard, Callebert, Lindt and Purdys. Competitors were making efforts to gain a larger market share through offering high quality products, but they had more cheap prices. Substitute products ninefold chocolate manufacturers not listed, ie Nestle, Hershey and so on

Discourse Analysis of the Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Discourse Analysis of the Article - Es phrase ExampleSometimes the management we ask for something, or our reasons for not doing something, are examples of faulty thinking and a victim mentality. Eg you want to return something to a shop, its not right or it doesnt work. What type of run-in would work bestThe first is a question, which is petition for a refusal. The second is a statement that demands good service. Whenever you need to ask or negotiate for something it is let out to follow the Reason/Proposal formula.This type of language is sometimes called being assertive and it doesnt have to be unpleasant or aggressive. If you go for a neutral, nonpleading tone and a honest statement of fact, its bound to work.People will connect with you better if you try to match their tone of voice. If your tone is high pitched and fasts while the other pile are slow and laid back, then the conversation will be out of synch. So pace your voice and tone to another persons and you will hap pen that you will communicate better.Victim of circumstanceIts so easy to fall into the trap of thinking life is out to get you or that success is for other people. nevertheless in the worst of situations, some people manage to be victors rather than victims, so watch your language or your negative thoughts. Every time you say or thinkI cant do that try asking yourself, What would happen if I did Thats not a good thing to do try asking yourself, Who says its not good It could all go horribly wrong try asking yourself, Whats the worst thing that could happen (BBC, OneLife).

International Management of Starbucks Case Study

International Management of Starbucks - Case Study ExampleAccommodating fast growth also meant displace in systems to recruit, hire, and train baristas and store managers. (Student Resources2005) Starbucks is simply looking for passionate people who love coffee, diverse workforce which reflects their community and who enjoys what theyre doing and for whom work is an extension of themselves. 16 nearly 80 percent of Starbucks employees were white, 85 percent had some education beyond high school, and the average age was 26.All positions be filled internally nearly 60-70%. Automated staffing services between hiring managers and staffing teams and Starbucks has a user friendly field sourcing and selection tools in place. Internal movement processes and systems in place and broadly understood. (Student Resources2005) Campus recruiting atomic number 18 also in place for all major areas of the company and also place intern programs to early identify future talent. Management also reloc ates benchmarked at or below industry averages. Moreover, cutting edge technology and processes employed for lavatorydidate pre-screening because of well defined department metric in place and continually improving.The Starbucks Corporation does not allocate money to its stores for hiring janitors. Every aspect of the cleaning process in Starbucks stores is carried out by the baristas. (Student Resources2005) The same people who make the drinks are scrubbing the bathroom floors. The baristas of each store work in different shifts throughout the day, usually divided two ones, morning and afternoon, or three morning, afternoon and evening. Each shift is consisted of usually of three or four baristas, the number may change, depending on customer flow of the specific store, who share different duties throughout the shift. Usually, a store is internally divided between floor, where the baristas work and serve customers and the back, usually referred to the storage room, bathrooms. Unle ss very small, the store usually also has a caf section, where the customers can sit down with their coffee. Starbucks during Global ExpansionThe global expansion of Starbucks was not an overnight success especially in Asia. There m other(a) been numerous challenges that Starbucks have to encounter in penetrating the Asian Market (Culpan, 2002). For example in China and japan, they had a difficulty in creating a coffee market inlet because of the prevailing tea market in China and Japan for over 50 years and yet Starbucks have to create Chinese and Japanese Starbucks to courting the taste of the coffee market in these countries . Starbucks also have to worry of the national based coffee shops in the Asian countries, such as Japan based- Manave Coffee, Taiwan based Dante coffee, Mocha Blends in the Philippines and even Mc Caf of McDonalds.Another difficulty that Starbucks faced during their expansion is that opening a coffee in a country needs different strategic orientations, org anizational structures and management process because it does not mean that Starbucks in the United States since its the father branch, it reflects the same characteristics as the other countries. At the same time, Starbucks also has to evolve its principles from being an international company into a transnational company because they have to undergo a lot of changes in the global business environment (Culpan, 2002).

Research and write an article on the human genome and how genetic var Case Study

Research and write an article on the human genome and how genetic var iation in the genome has a potential use in health screening - Case Study ExampleThis further comprises of Y chromosome (found in males only) and X chromosomes (two in females and one in males). A mitochondrial DNA is also inclusive in every mitochondrion. The genomes are further classified into noncoding and coding DNA sequences. The coding sequence is unique in that they are transcribed into mRNA to be later converted into proteins in a human lifetime. The other noncoding genomes which use the biggest fraction are not intricate in encoding proteins but are instead used for other biological processes (Adolph 1997)Human biology, however, comprises of both the inherited and the environmental traits. It is important to understand that the environment human beings are exposed to can catalyze the occurrence of a disease when coupled with a genetic disorder. For example, an asthma patient is more potential to get an asthmatic attack when exposed to cold and dusty conditions as opposed to an average person. An individual can be said to have a sequence variation when there is an excess or complete absence of a chromosome. Epialleles are delineate as identical genes but with differences only exhibited in their epigenetic states (Bodmer 1997). Further classified into three types, epialleles influenced by genotype, determined directly by the genotype of the individual and those purely independent of the individuals genotype, they are influenced by environmental factors be they hormones or diet.Compared to animals such as chimpanzees that are purported to share a common ancestry with human beings, human beings have undergone a more sophisticated evolution as compared to chimps. (Charles R.Cantor, 2004). Human beings also exhibit many traits of diseases such as Klinefelter Syndrome, sickle cell anemia among others.Genetic screening is defined as the search or screening for persons with symptomatic di seases with the aim to identify individuals with a genotype that predisposes them

Offshoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Offshoring - Essay ExampleOffshoring, not only helps reduce the cost of operations of a company, only may also hit in terms of promotion in overseas markets. For some companies, offshoring of selective company processes may be the solution to their problems for others quantity shifting may provide the desired outcome. Whatever the purpose may be, considerable data has accumulated to support the fact that offshoring for some companies has a endurance value. Discussion Although offshoring has a number of advantages, there atomic number 18 number of issues that arise due to its very nature. A prominent cause of disruption in line processes can be related to the distance that exists between the control center and operation center. The distance may be in terms of physical or geographical locations or in terms of cultural or social factors. The term used for a team working in geographically dot settings is GDT (globally distributed team). It is defined as a team of workers (Contract or, 2011) Related to the same organization Serving a universal purpose and working in an inter-dependent manner utilise communication based on technological means Located in different geographical locations around the globe Benefits Generally, the perception is that offshoring countries lose finances to the countries to which work are offshored this is however contrary to the reality and experts are of the opinion that it is not only the offshoring country that benefits from the process but also the offshored country that gains benefit (Farrell, 2006). It thence appears mutually rewarding for all the countries that are part of the process. It is perhaps a means of promoting the concept of globalization where every country plays its role for the collective benefit of all. The first and foremost benefit of offshoring is related to financial savings. This is clearly manifested by the fact that the vast majority of offshoring is directed towards third military personnel countries, w here labor is considerably cheaper than the source country. In addition to the financial savings, the company also benefits from entering the new potential markets of the offshored countries. Since production is often carried out in such countries, the products are easily introduced into the local market which may provide an additional source of income for the company. Using locally produced raw material of low cost, the company is often in a position to not only earn profits from local markets, but also use their own market to earn huge profits. A number of benefits for the destination countries are related to direct investment which is received in return for services offered. These benefits may be in the form of countrys growth, engineering science transfer, job creation and in some cases the firms offering services also benefit from the process of offshoring (OECD, 2007). Although the level of benefit obtained in this regard may transfigure from case to case yet the projected b enefits give an idea about the possibilities of improvement related to offshoring. Dilemma of offshoring Offshoring has affected the lives of a number of people living in the developed countries. To maintain their standard of life they require higher compensation rates as compared to their equally qualified counterparts residing in third world countries. A number of companies of the developed countries are able to get the same services from experts residing in under-developed

Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

1 - Assignment ExampleNew Jersey average gross sales tax revenue plays a minimal significance as compared to the other states as 0.0% indicates lack of local anesthetic government participation in collecting sales taxes. However, the determine of 0.0% in average sales tax at the local take aim is also main(prenominal) in that it shows business are exempted from sales tax. Additionally, when considering the state level average sales tax, it is shown that New Jersey is ranked 1st with 14.1% rate. This makes New Jersey very important in contributing to the issue sales taxes. head teacher 2 Look at the local property tax proportion. How important is the property tax to the cities and counties in your state more or less important as compared to the average of all states? More or less important as compared to the 6 states weve looked at?New Jersey has proportional property tax of 55.1% as compared to the other states that do not exceed the 30% mark on the sale while it is more than t wice the national average of 26%. To the cities and counties within New Jersey, a 55.1% property sale proportion provides the maintenance of the cities and the county amenities and infrastructure. However, the high gear property tax at the local level indicates high rental rates or high acquisition of real estate establishment. In addition, the state level averages display an abnormal comparison when compared to the national average. The national average is 26.8% against the local level of 55.1%. In conclusion, the vast acquisition of property in New Jersey contributes the high rate of property tax at the local level.Question 3 Look at the spending on education at both the state and local levels for your state. Including both state and local levels of spending, consider the differences between your state and the national averages, and answer the following question is your state, taking into account both state and local levels of spending, nearer the top or nearer

Psalms Team Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psalms Team Analysis - Essay ExampleThe different category is the praise and thanksgiving Psalms. As the name suggests it is normally used when people are thanking God and praising Him for the good deeds that he has do unto them. It is normally used when thanking God after a blessing or a good deed.Another category is that of the Hymn sings. They are normally divided into Creation Hymns and Divine Kingship.. They are normally used to recognize the majestic Power of God. They were used to describe the relationship at existed etween he Israelites and God. This type of psalm is best used when praising God and acknowledging that he is Lord and the God of all Gods. His powers are above all and he should be worshipped by all. There is another category of Trust psalms. These are normally used when one is facing a certain trial or tribulation. An individual or a group asks for divine intervention from God. Royal psalms on he other hand is a category that was used or instead directed to the kings. They were used to guide and praise the kings who ruled over the people. Wisdom psalsms were designed for guiding or rather offering techings. They are mostly relevant when one wants to learn more about the word of

Columbia Ave. Riots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Columbia Ave. Riots - Essay ExampleIt seemed to be the only avenue open to them collectable to so many discriminatory laws and practices despite the passage of many laws outlawing black discrimination in social, political, and economic spheres of life. In other words, discrimination was back whence and even until now a very persistent problem that defied easy solutions. The race riots in Philadelphia were caused by some black activists who hijacked the sentiments or resentments of black large number against a lack of equality and used these for their own ends.The city of Philadelphia in the mid-twentieth century had been divided into the white Philadelphia (southern portion) and the black Philadelphia (northern portion). This division is not only geographic but also economic and ethnic because the white southern Philadelphia in many ways was vastly superior to its northern part. White people in the southern portion had a better life in terms of economic opportunities, nicer neighb orhoods with less crime, and had a more than fair share of good-paying jobs. This situation puke be contrasted with its southern counterpart which had cheap government housing, more crimes, and less jobs to be had.Philadelphia has a great tradition in American history as it was the preferred city of the countrys Founding Fathers who often met in this city. The Declaration of Independence was made in Philadelphia in 1776 as well as the signing of the American Constitution in 1787. It is known as a place of religious and racial tolerance because it welcomes successive waves of immigrants from Europe much(prenominal) as the Dutch, then(prenominal) the English, and then much later, Swedes. They were soon followed in the next century by the Scots, the Irish, and German immigrants. The next century saw new arrivals from southern and eastern Europe such as the Greeks, the Poles, Italians, and Hungarians. Philadelphia became the second-largest city on the eastern seaboard after New York City and rivals it in terms of ethnical

How can Coca Cola further increase their customer base in reference to Case Study

How can Coca poop further increase their customer base in recognition to marketing strategies - Case Study ExampleThis implies that the Company has a multi-million consumer base all around the globe. Customers for Coca-Cola products comprise of retail outlets, restaurants, and local distributors, among others, who purchase the products and later interchange or serve them to actual consumers. However, unlike Pepsi, Coca Cola does not refresh its brand image. For instance, the Company has been using a single slogan for decades, without incorporating new-fangled sounds and faces. This is an aspect that makes the Company get affiliated to older generations, while Pepsi is seen as the hype face of the younger people (Baron 237-241). Coca-Colas distribution ne bothrk is overly one of its strong points. The Company has the largest bottling system, in the liquid soft drinks category. This is due to the fact that Coca-Cola sells its products to bottlers and canning companies, fountain wh olesalers or retailers, as well as, distributors. This means that Coca Cola mandates the bottlers to produce and package its products, formulated from syrups and concentrates, into recognized finished drinks. However, as has been clear on analyzing the CSD industry, Pepsi follows a similar distribution network, where all producers are incorporated into the advert companys operation framework. This gives the implication that, to avoid being overtaken by Pepsi, Coca Cola must devise additional distribution strategies (Thompson and John 36-42). In consideration of the nature of competition in the market, the soft drinks industry has numerous players, hence relatively high rivalry. Principal competitors, therefore, include manufacturers, distributors and bottlers of locally, nationally or globally marketed beverages. Coca-Cola...For instance, the Company should target individuals with special dietetic needs in society. The best illustration of this strategy is the recent Coca Cola intr oduction of Coke goose egg to the market. Coca Cola should embark on producing diet versions of the rest of its renowned beverage brands. It is also not able-bodied that people prefer portable drinks like cans and bendable bottled sodas, over the traditional glass bottle. Therefore, Coca Cola should increase its plastic bottled sodas, not only in specific markets, but everywhere. This way, they will be able to cater for the large customer base comprising of travelling individuals or working persons with tight schedules. In addition, in order to outdo Pepsi, Co. in regard to the size of customer base, Coca Cola should focus more on foreign markets. This is because the customers in the domain country seem to be loyal to either of the two CSD giants, implying that the statistics weigh in favor of both. Venturing more into foreign markets would, therefore, place Coca Cola at an advantage of widening its customer base thus staying frontward of Pepsi.Distribution analysisAs indicated in the findings section, Coca Cola has not been able to distribute their products effectively in the rural areas, particularly in create countries. Therefore, the Company should ensure that it distributes its products to the rural areas by involving merchants and other retailers for distribution purposes.

Financial Institutions and Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Institutions and commercializes - Essay ExampleA financial policy industrious by a country can either be an expansionary monetary policy or contractionary monetary policy. Expansionary monetary policy helps in increasing the money supply in the economy of a country at a faster rate than normal and in case of contractionary monetary policy, the money supply increases at slower rate or even fall so-and-so in the economy. Expansionary monetary policy is often employed to prevent unemployment during recession. It happens because of lodge in judge going lower which therefore attracts credit facility to be lendable easily for the business concerns to help themselves expand. In the United States, expansionary monetary policy is implemented through the combination of three things. They are a) Using Open Market Operations, by purchasing securities in the open market. b) Federal Discount Rate is lowered. c) Reserve Requirements are also lowered. Now, all these three steps have a direct impact on the relate rate, including mortgage rates. This leads to increase in borrowing of mortgage loans, as well as increase in rates of capital investments by business concerns. Most countries follow an expansionary monetary policy to ensure higher frugalal growth and go on decreasing the interest rates. It helps in growth of employment opportunities but at the same time has its limitations too. This can only have a short term effect on the economy. In the long run, it will lead to higher inflation rate and would also affect the economy in an adverse way (Mishkin, 2007, p.39). Thus, effect on long term mortgage rates are less predictable and the effect is on a lower proportion as compared to the extent of expansionary economic measures taken by a country. This happens mainly due to two reasons. Firstly, real factors like market demand influences the long term mortgage interest rates more than the monetary factors. Secondly, the effect or impact of monetary factors o perates mainly on the expected future long term mortgage rates (Gwartney, et. al. 2008, p.301). Although the expansionary economic measures reduce the short term mortgage interest rates, it may lead to a rise in interest rates in long term. This excitableness problem creates a surmounting problem in creating a balance between the mortgage rates and expansionary economic measures followed by a country. Expansionary Monetary Policy Expansionary monetary policies are used by countries to help stimulate the economic growth of the country. It leads to increase in supply of money in the country. It usually leads to lowering of interest rates in the country. This in turn reduces the borrowing cost and also reduces the return on savings. This helps in increasing the aggregate demand of goods and services in the economy. People are more attracted towards investing in housing by taking loans at lower interest rates. These types of expansionary monetary policies are often employed in countrie s to counter the recessionary gap. It helps in reducing or preventing unemployment

Compare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compare and Contrast - Essay ExampleThis paper thus helps to provide a clear and concise understanding on the basis of these tierce short stories and poem in order to compare and contrast the similar on various levels as is further discussed within the scope of this paper. My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is an excellent example of a dramatic monologue which appeared first in the year 1842 in the poets Dramatic Lyrics. The poem has been written close the fifth Duke of Ferrara who was married to Lucrezia di Cosimo de Medici and talks about the kind of influence that wealth, power, as well as pure aristocracy had on the life of the duke. Furthermore, written and represent by Richard Wright, Big Black unplayful Man is a story that first appeared in the story collection of Eight Men which was one of the brook works of the author. It is about a musical composition by the name of Olaf, who finds himself providing room one fine afternoon, in his office, to a big black man for the attendant five or six nights. The third story discussed is Cathedral written by Raymond Carver in the year 1983 and was included in his anthology in the same year as well. It is about the spiritual houses of God, on a broad basis of a theme and the theme of blurness and sight prevails throughout the configuration of the story as the author tries to explain the kind of faith that most people have on God. My Last Duchess has been set during the Italian Renaissance degree and reeks of aristocracy and how the rich survived during the time. It mainly talks about how marriage, power and wealth influence a mans life and how when these factors are involved in play, a man ceases to think about emotions like love, desire and death. In the poem, the Duke does not seem to be in love with his dead wife or even lament about her death. Instead, he enjoys the fact that he narrates to the messenger, how he had had her killed and experiences a sense of joy in doing the same. As compared to this, Big Black Good Man talks mainly about differences on the basis of colour as the black man asks for lodgings to Olaf and the former gets scared of the consequences of sheltering a man who was so different from the rest of society. Thus it mainly seeks to talk about the period of apartheid that the world faced and how the same was countered in different countries, especially in America. Cathedral aims to discuss the spirituality and oneness that a man can develop with God however, how the same may be based on blind faith at times, without understanding the true consequences of a situation. However, the narrator narrates a story about a blind man, who is later able to open his look due to finding sight because of the gift of God and understanding and knowledge of the ways of the world. All common chord have been written in the form of a dramatic prose or a short story, including Brownings My Last Duchess, even though it is a poem. However, it is regarded as more of a short dramatic m onologue or piece of writing and retains a certain rhyme scale by an iambic parameter and may be read as a story which is being narrated on the basis of certain emotions and feelings. The other two are short stories and have been published in anthologies. All three have wide appreciation regarded all over the world because of their broad themes which has helped readers in an understanding of these different eras. My Last Duchess has a historical background accustomed to it and talks about the way the Duke

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Politics - Essay ExampleThe fundamental ideas in liberalism were expressed by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. The ii believe that the governed are the ones who have and retain the sovereign power. Liberals in the 19th century urged the end of state in the economic life of society. Liberal theorists agree with Adam Smith that economic systems that are based on openhanded markets are more efficient, and that they generate more wealth than those that are partly state-controlled. The industrial Revolution in Europe and North the States resulted in great inequalities in wealth and other social problems. Looking for solutions to these problems, liberals advocated for limited government interposition in the market and for the creation of government funded services e.g. free public education and health insurance. Further expansion of social welfare programs occurred in America after World War II. The presence of economic stagnation in the late 1970s, made the classical liberals more vocal in their position favoring free markets. Liberals consider the government as tasked with removing obstacles that prevent individuals from living freely or from fully realizing their potential. These obstacles include poverty, disease, discrimination and ignorance. In the United States, liberalism is associated with the welfare-state policies of the New Deal class of the Democratic administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. According to McGowan, American liberalism is different from its European and English counterparts because established religion, an entrenched aristocracy, and an absolutist state never gained a unsafe foothold in the American colonies. Similarly,

Consequences of deception in romantic relationships Dissertation

Consequences of deception in romantic familys - Dissertation ExampleWhen deception is detected, negative emotional reactions result, particularly when the lies exposed are considered to be significant. In pelfs (2001) strike, 256 individuals (128 couples) were used as the research sample. They were asked to complete questionnaires pertaining to their abetter _or_ abettors and their own communication behavior. The aim was to determine the link between the extent of social communication and the practice of deception. Moreover, the study examined the roles played by causes for deception such as reciprocity, avoidance of punishment, or deceptive fulfilment of the lack of intimacy in their romantic relationship. The use of deception is more frequently found where relational characteristics are at lower levels. Thus, deception appears to be used as a method for coping with relational problems, and greater use of deception is considered to be an indicator of overall relational distress (Cole, 2001, p.125). Coles (2001) research study also obtained certain results related to the outcome of deception. Primarily, the best relational outcomes arise from couples avoiding deception while at the same time trusting each new(prenominal)s fidelity. However, when it becomes known that deception is being practised by one of the partners, there are negative outcomes for everyone involved. When there is a little suspicion, the different partner may be tempted to engage in deception too, thus sending the relationship into a downward spiral. This results in increasing deception by twain the individuals, greater suspicion between partners, and progressive deterioration of the romantic relationship. The above study could have been made more useful through a greater focus on the outcomes of deception among the couples where deception was found, thereby providing evidence based results. The research study would need to extend over a longer period of time, to determine how each couple who had experienced deception between them, fared with the passage of time. This is because some couples may reconcile, while others may break up the romantic relationship permanently. In romantic relationships, fidelity is a serious concern for both sexes. Deception by one of the partners can have devastating results on the relationship. When the infidelity comes to light, the betrayed partners feelings of being let down can give rise to unpleasant emotions including depression, anger, self-reproach and jealousy (Shackelford, Buss and Bennett, 2002, p.299). Infidelity remains as the most serious cause for the dissolution of a relationship leading to divorce, and breaking up of the relationship is resorted to as the most common solution. On the other hand, not all couples break up their relationship because of a partners infidelity. Some individuals try to find out all the details from their treasonable partner to determine the nature and

A Comparison of and Contrasting of role of two politicians in the Essay

A Comparison of and Contrasting of role of both politicians in the media eye - Essay ExampleHe further notes that the independence of media from political meddling and the essence of media as the way they play their political roles, the manner in which media is subjected to pressures from the commercial systems that fund the media entities as well as the decisiveness of the government in supplying information all have a great muddle to do with the maturity of democracy and the propagation of public opinion driven societies.The functionalities of media have made it a vulnerable tool subjected to use and albeit abuse by those in power bent on swaying public opinion and influencing popular opinion on individuals and issues among other things. In these perceptions premise, the paper presents a comparative geographic expedition of the role of two politicians in the media eye. The paper will also take a significant thrust in examining the coverage of two politicians and exploring their images as visualised in various mainstream media. The thrust of the paper will also entail the ways in which the media and or the politicians attempt to manipulate the images of them as generated by the media.For the objectives of the exercise, two political figures who are the 2008 USA Presidential election candidates Republic John McCain and Democrat Barrack Obama will be used. The 2008 US presidential campaign track is historic from various dimensions. The campaigned has pitted sitting Senators yet the most remarkable aspects of the campaign are based on the item that after the election US will have either the first Black American president or a woman as criminality president. The election campaign has raddled most media coverage surpassing previous presidential election drives.... ting Senators yet the most remarkable aspects of the campaign are based on the fact that after the election US will have either the first Black American president or a woman as vice president. The election campaign has drawn most media coverage surpassing previous presidential election drives.The paper will make an observation of extracts and nuances form mainstream and international media channels like Cable News Net Work (CNN) and the British Broadcasting Network (BBC) and various online news interfaces to examine the images of the two politicians that have been carved and explore the ways in which media and the political figures have to attempted to manipulate the images created of them. CNN is one of the leading global news channels and has had a significant rush on the image creation and dissemination of the US presidential candidates. It is worth mentioning from the onset that CNN were the 8th largest sponsors to the sitting President George W. Bush in his 2004 Campaign. Nonetheless it may be presented that mainstream media have tended to playing to a perceived public sentiment that the Bush administration has failed the electorate on various issues and hence the u npopularity of the Republican election fine regardless of who the actual individuals and their polices are. Many media channels have largely portrayed the democrat candidate Barrack Obama in manner of glossing over his possible nominating address as historic development in American politics demonstrating the American society commitment to values of racial reform and egalitarianism. CNN has always hammered the nuances of historic tag aspect that Obamas candidature is.Besides the presenting of Obamas ticket as historic development, CNN has captured various political and economic analyses from some

Estimation of the value of gravitational acceleration g based on Essay - 2

Estimation of the value of gravitational acceleration g based on measurements from a simple pendulum - Essay ExampleThe experiment entails releasing a mass that is attached at the end of a string with an initial incline (). The angle is so belittled such that the sin can be approximated to just making this motion to be simple harmonic. It involves swinging the ball for a given(p) number of bicycles and observing the time it takes to make those oscillations. From that information, we can obtain the time per oscillation. This time taken per oscillation is obtained for different lengths of the string. The relationship 42/ hawk is then used to estimate the value of the acceleration due to gravity, g.The main aim of the pendulum experiment is to determine the effect that the length of the string has on the result taken by the pendulum to make a complete oscillation. It also aims at determining a relationship between the length and the period and also estimating a value for g.The hy pothesis for this experiment is that the value for g obtained by any of the experiments available should be approximately equal to 9.8m/s2. The period taken by the pendulum is self-supporting of the mass of the attached object and the initial angle. The period depends on the length of the string and the acceleration of gravity (Wilson & Hernndez-Hall 2009).3. Set the pendulum swinging through a small angle. Then, measure the time for the period of oscillations (hint think of a good method here measuring the period based on a single oscillation might not be a good idea).The analysis involved plotting a graph of T2 against L. since the graph should be linear, the students used simple linear turnaround to come up with a linear graph. (Michael, Matthew, Gauld, & Stinner 2010).The results support the objective of the experiment. The students were able to determine the relationship between T2 and L by plotting the graph and obtaining the gradient. Additionally, they were able to see th e value for the acceleration due to gravity, g, with a relative error of

Spain’s Golden Age Essay Example for Free

Spains Golden days EssaySpain was at its most glorious courtly place in the seventeenth Century, at the time when Miguel de Cervantes wrote his classic fiction, Don Quixote. The country had established its colonies all over the world, controlling Mexico, Peru, Cuba, the Americas, and even going as far as Asia, in the Philippines. Silver and gold poured in to catapult Spain in economic and political splendor, making it the worlds superpower at that time.Historians call this period the golden age of Spain. However, it was also during this glorious era that Spain had ruthlessly suffered its inevitable defeat, the most popular of which is the destruction of the Spanish armada in 1588, by English forces. Because of this, the country found itself in an atypical, conflicting period, a period wherein a new age was rising to the surface, a period wherein the country was hang between grandeur and degradation.While the cause of Spains decline is debatable, one thing is historically cer tain its kings were having trouble with managing the vast territories, and numerous antagonistic events, bid the plague in Castille that claimed many Spanish lives, contri exclusivelyed to the countrys saddening fate. Catholicism, Spains dominant religion was also on the decline, spurring conflicts against another(prenominal) religions like Islam and Protestantism, stemming from the crusades in earlier history. These noteworthy historical occurrences are evident in Don Quixote, since the novel illustrates the highly diverse Spanish sociological and political experience at that time.However, it is Cervantes personal experience, sociological and political, that serves as the most potent source of the novel. It contains elements in parallel with the novelists own life for instance, the Algerian pirates appearing on the Spanish coast, the Moors being exiled, the Spanish prisoners failing to escape are similar events in Cervantes own life. Spain The 17th Century Superpower Page 04 The sociological and political grammatical construction of 17th Century Spain had a direct, powerful influence in the writing of Spains classic golden novel.The Romances Spains 17th Century Literary tradition The dominant literary tradition in this golden age was the chivalric romances. Spains Arts and Humanities were loaded with popular writings of dubs upholding chivalry. The main characters of these stories and verses were knights who unbending out protecting and saving those who are weak, who go from one place to other to do good deeds. The romances contained melodramatic tones and exaggerated heroic feats that the emotions illustrated seemed to be as well sentimental, and the events portrayed seemed to be too heroically impossible.The main character of the novel Don Quixote, was also a knight who set out to save people, but he was portrayed in a humorous light, and his adventures were played out in such a ridiculous way that it was clear the novel is a parody, a mockery of the chivalric romances so popular in Cervantes time. The novel, in this context, was a scathing commentary of the literary tradition of the romances. The upholding of chivalric ideals in the novel, however, produced another commentary on Spains 17th century literary tradition, this one being quite positive.Cervantes was careful not to assail the code of chivalry because he himself believed in it. The ideals may be communicated in a humorous manner, and through a humorous character, but the message was quite evident the belief in chivalric ideals is never wrong. Don Quixote was a novel that educated its readers at the time when they most needed such an instruction. The decline of Spain was apparent, and yet its literati favored wild-eyed literature which subscribed to impossible feats and exaggerated Spains Golden Age Page 05 characters.The wide acceptance and phenomenal success of Don Quixote only turn up that Spains literary market truly appreciated the enlightenment provided by Cer vantes. Springboard for the Novel, Don Quixote The historical context and the literary culture of Spain in the 17th century served as major prompters for the writing of Don Quixote. We can clearly see that Miguel de Cervantes was greatly influenced by the sociological, political and literary conditions in his time that he incorporated and used these real-life elements in his novel.Cervantes relied on his social and political experience to produce a literary work that reverberates with sociological and political themes, themes which are in perfect consonance with his real-life setting. Spains dual condition of grandeur and degradation in his time prompted Cervantes to explore the themes of human identity and morality, providing a commentary on the social mores. More importantly, the novel is rich with historical influences, of events that actually happened in 17th century Spain.The literary culture of 17th century Spain, on the other hand, played a key role in the writing of Don Qui xote, for very obvious reasons. The chivalric romances popular at that time made the novel an interesting, radical read because it departs from its formula. The characters, Don Quixote and his loyal squire Sancho Panza, embody the chivalric ideals upheld by the romances, but they also destroy the image of the impossibly heroic knight by being humorous caricatures of chivalry. Moreover, their ridiculous adventures make a mockery of the exaggerated heroic feats portrayed in the romances.These influences are strongly pronounced in the text of Don Quixote thereby proving that Miguel de Cervantes was a writer who used his golden age experience to write a golden novel. Spains Golden Age Page 06 References Barrio, J. F. (2007). The golden century. Si, Spain. Retrieved November 17, 2007 from SiSpain. org. /http//www. sispain. org/english/language/golden. html/ Phillips, B. and Davidson, S. (2007). SparkNote on Don Quixote. Retrieved November 17, 2007 from cgi. sparknotes. com. /http//www. s parknotes. com/lit/donquixote/.

Intellectual Craftsmanship Essay Example for Free

Intellectual Craftsmanship Es enjoinTO THE INDIVIDUAL social scientist who feels himself a part of the classic tradition, social science is the practice of a craft. A man at achievework forcet on problems of substance, he is among those who be quickly made impatient and weary by elaborate passwords of method-and-theory-in-general so more than than of it interrupts his proper studies. It is much better, he believes, to drive star sum up by a pee-peeing student of how he is dismissal ab turn out his cultivate than a dozen , codifications of procedure by specialists who as often as not gain n eer d mavin much give-up the ghost of consequence. Only by conversations in which experienced thinkers exchange information about their actual flairs of working can a wasting diseaseful sense of method and theory be imparted to the des centime student. I feel it useful, on that pointfore, to report in almost detail how I go about my craft. This is necessarily a personal deb ate, but it is written with the expect that others, especi all(prenominal)y those stem independent work, ordain install it less personal by the features of their declargon experience.1.It is best to take off, I think, by re school principaling you, the beginning student, that the near admirable thinkers within the scholarly community you aim chosen to join do not split their work from their lives. They seem to transmit both too hard to allow such dissociation, and they want to use each for the enrichment of the other. Of ladder, such a split is the prevailing convention among men in general, deriving, I suppose, from the holl take iness of the work which men in general now do. But you will energise recognized that as a scholar you have the exceptional opportunity of conniving a behavior of living which will encourage the habits of good workmanship.Scholarship is a excerpt of how to live as well as a choice of c atomic number 18er whether he knows it or not, the de xterous workman forms his own self as he works toward the perfection of his craft to realize his own potentialities, and each opportunities that come his way, he builds a character which has as its core the qualities of the good workman. What this instrument is that you must(prenominal)(prenominal) learn to use your life experience in your expert work continually to examine and interpret it. In this sense craftsmanship is the center ofyourself and you are personally involved in every intellectual harvest-home upon which you may work. To say that you can have experience, means, for one thing, that your past plays into and affects your present, and that it defines your capacity for future, experience. As a social scientist, you have to control this rather elaborate interplay, to stimulate what you experience and pattern it out only in this way can you hope to use it to get out and test your polishion, and in the process shape yourself as an intellectual craftsman. But ho w can you do this?One answer is you must traffic circle up a file, which is, I suppose, a sociologists way of saying grip a journal. M each creative writers keep journals the sociologists need for systematic reflection demands it. In such a file as I am going to describe, t present is joined personal experience and passkey activities, studies under way and studies planned. In this file, you, as an intellectual craftsman, will try to get together what you are doing intellectually and what you are experiencing as a person. Here you will not be afraid to use your experience and relate it directly to various work in progress.By serving as a check on repetitious work, your file also enables you to conserve your energy. It also encourages you to capture fringe-thoughts various ideas which may be by-products of everyday life, snatches of conversation overheard on the street, or, for that matter, dreams. Once noted, these may lead to more systematic thinking, as well as lend intellectual relevance to more directed experience. You will have often noticed how carefully accomplished thinkers treat their own minds, how closely they observe their development and organize their experience.The mind they treasure their smallest experiences is that, in the course of a life sentence, modem man has so very little personal experience and besides experience is so important as a initiation of original intellectual work. To be able to trust yet to be skeptical of your own experience, I have come to believe, is one mark of the mature workman. This am bombasticuous confidence is indispensable to originality in any(prenominal) intellectual pursuit, and the file is one way by which you can develop and relieve such confidence.By keeping an adequate file and thereof developing self-reflective habits, you learn how to keep your inner world awake. Whenever you feel strongly about sluicets or ideas you must try not to let them pass from your mind, but instead to formulate them for your files and in so doing draw out their implications, show yourself either how wacky these feelings or ideas are, or how they might be articulated into productive shape. The file also helps you build up the habit of writing. You cannot keep your hand in if you do not write something at least every week.In developing the file, you can experiment as a writer and thus, as they say, develop your government agencys of expression. To advance a file is to engage in the controlled experience. One of the very worst things that happens to social scientists is that they feel the need to write of their plans on only one crossroads when they are going to ask for money for a item piece of research or a honk. It is as a request for funds that most planning is done, or at least carefully written about.However standard the practice, I think this very bad It is bound in some degree to be salesmanship, and, given prevailing expectations, very likely to result in painstaking pretensions the p roject is likely to be Presented, rounded out in some arbitrary way long before it ought to be it is often a contrived thing, aimed at getting the money for ulterior purposes, however valuable, as well as for the research presented. A practicing social scientist ought periodically to review the state of my problems and plans. A young man, just at the beginning of his independent work, ought to reflect on this, but he cannot be expected-and shouldnt expect himself-to get very far with it, and certainly he ought not to become rigidly committed to any one plan. About all he can do is line up his thesis, which unfortunately is often his branch supposedly independent piece of work of any length. It is when you are about half-way through the time you have for work, or about one-third through, that such reviewing is most likely to be fruitful -and perchance even of interest to others.Any working social scientist who is well on his way ought at all times to have so umpteen plans, which is to say ideas, that the question is always, which of them am I, ought I, to work on next? And he should keep a special little file for his master agenda, which he writes and rewrites just for himself and perhaps for discussion with friends. From time to time he ought to review this very carefully and purposefully, and sometimes too, when he is relaxed. Some such procedure is one of the indispensable means by which your intellectual enterprise is kept oriented and under control.A widespread, informal interchange of such reviews of the state of my problems among working social scientists is, I suggest, the only basis for an adequate statement of the leading problems of social science. It is st sickly that in any free intellectual community there would be and certainly there ought not to be any monolithic array of problems. In such a community, were it flourishing in a vigorous way, there would be interludes of discussion among individuals about future work.Three smorgasbords of interludes-on problems, methods, theory-ought to come out of the work of social scientists, and lead into it again they should be shaped by work-in-progress and to some extent guide that work. It is for such interludes that a professional association finds its intellectual reason for being. And for them too your own file is needed. Under various topics in your file there are ideas, personal notes, excerpts from books, bibliographical items and outlines of projects.It is, I suppose, a matter of arbitrary habit, but I think you will find it well to sort all these items into a master file of projects, with numerous subdivisions. The topics, of course, change, sometimes quite frequently. For instance, as a student working toward the preliminary examination, writing a thesis, and, at the selfsame(prenominal) time, doing bound papers, your files will be ar escaped in those three areas of endeavor. But after a year or so of graduate work, you will begin to re-organize the intact file i n relation to the main project of your thesis.Then as you pursue your work you will notice that no one project ever dominates it, or sets the master categories in which it is ar presentd. In fact, the use of the file encourages expansion of the categories which you use in your thinking. And the way in which these categories change, some being dropped and others being added-is an list of your intellectual progress and breadth. Eventually, the files will come to be arranged according to several large projects, having many sub-projects that change from year to year. All this involves the taking of notes.You will have to acquire the habit of taking a large volume of notes from any worth-while book you read-although, I have to say, you may get better work out of yourself when you read really bad books. The first step in translating experience, either of other mens writing, or of your own life, into the intellectual sphere, is to give it form. Merely to abduce an item of experience ofte n invites you to explain it the mere taking of a note from a book is often a prod to reflection. At the same time, of course, the taking of a note is a great aid in comprehending what you are reading.Your notes may turn out, as mine do, to be of dickens sorts in reading certain very important books you try to grasp the structure of the writers argument, and take notes accordingly but more frequently, and after a few eld of independent work, rather than read entire books, you will very often read parts of many books from the point of view of some particular subject field of honor or topic in which you are interested and concerning which you have plans in your file. Therefore, you will take notes which do not fairly represent the books you read. You are using this particular idea, this particular fact, for the fruition of your own projects.2 But how is this file-which so far must seem to you more like a curious sort of literary journal-used in intellectual production? The mainte nance of such a file is intellectual production. It is a continually growing store of facts and ideas, from the most obtuse to the most finished. For example, the first thing I did upon deciding on a study of the elect(ip) was to make a crude outline based on a listing of the types of lot that I wished to understand. save how and why I decided to do such a study may suggest one way in which ones life experiences feed ones intellectual work.I forget just when I became technically concerned with stratification, but I think it must have been on first reading Veblen. He had always seemed to me very loose, even vague, about his business and industrial employments, which are a kind of variant of Marx for the academic American public. At any rate, I wrote a book on labor organizations and labor leaders-a politically motivated task then a book on the middle classes-a task primarily motivated by the desire to articulate my own experience in New York City since 1945.It was thereupon sugg ested by friends that I ought to round out a trilogy by writing a book on the upper classes. I think the possibility had been in my mind I had read Balzac off and on especially during the forties, and had been much taken with his self-appointed task of covering, all the major classes and types in the society of the era he wished to make his own. I had also written a paper on The Business Elite, and had collected and arranged statistics about the careers of the topmost men in American politics since the Constitution.These two tasks were primarily inspired by seminar work in American history. In doing these several articles and books and in preparing courses in stratification, there was of course a residue of ideas and facts about the upper classes. Especially in the study of social stratification is it difficult to avoid going beyond ones immediate subject, because the reality of any one stratum is in large part its relations to the rest. Accordingly, I began to think of a book on th e elite.And yet that is not really how the project arose what really happened is (1) that the idea and the plan came out of my files, for all projects with me begin and end with them, and books are simply organized releases from the continuous work that goes into them (2) that after a while, the exclusively set of problems involved came to dominate me. After making my crude outline I examined my entire file, not only those parts of it that obviously bore on my topic, but also those which seemed to have no relevance whatsoever.Imagination is often successfully invited by putting together hitherto isolated items, by purpose unsuspected connections. I made brand-new units in the file for this particular range of problems, which of course, led to new arrangements of other parts of the file. As you re-arrange a file system, you often find that you are, as it were, loosening your imagination. Apparently this occurs by means of your attempt to combine various ideas and notes on differen t topics. It is a sort of logic of combination, and chance sometimes plays a curiously large part in it.In a relaxed way, you try to engage your intellectual resources, as exemplified in the file, with the new themes. In the present case, I also began to use my observations and daily experiences. I thought first of experiences I had had which bore upon elite problems, and then I went and talked with those who, I thought, might have experienced or considered the issues. As a matter of fact, I now began to alter the character of my routine so as to allow in in it (1) people who were among, those whom I wanted to study, (2) people in close contact with them, and (3) people interested in them usually in some professional way.I do not know the full social conditions of the best intellectual workmanship, but certainly surrounding oneself by a circle of people who will listen and talk-and at times they have to be imaginary characters-is one of them. At any rate I try to surround myself w ith all the relevant environment-social and intellectual-that I think might lead me into thinking well along the lines of my work. That is one meaning of my remarks above about the fusion of personal and intellectual life. Good work in social science today is not, and usually cannot be, made up of one clear-cut empirical research. It is, rather, composed of a good many studies which at key points anchor general statements about the shape and the trend of the subject. So the decision-what are these anchor points? -cannot be made until existing tangibles are re-worked and general hypothetical statements constructed. Now, among existing materials, I found in the files three types relevant to my study of the elite several theories having to do with the topic materials already worked up by others as evidence for those theories and materials already gathered and in various stages of accessible centralization, but not yet made theoretically relevant.Only after completing a first draft of a theory with the aid of such existing materials as these can I efficiently locate my own pivotal assertions and hunches and design researches to test them-and maybe I will not have to, although of course I know I will later have to shuttle back and forth between existing materials and my own research. Any final statement must not only cover the data so far as the data are available and known to me, but must also in some way, positively or negatively, take into, account the available theories.Sometimes this taking into account of an idea is easily done by a simple confrontation of the idea with overturning or supporting fact sometimes a detailed analysis or qualification is needed. Sometimes I can arrange the available theories systematically as a range of choices, and so allow their range to organize the problem itself. (1) But sometimes I allow such theories to come up only in my own arrangement, in quite various contexts. At any rate, in the book on the elite I had to take into account the work of such men as Mosca, Schumpeter, Veblen, Marx, Lasswell, Michel, Weber, and Pareto.In looking over some of the notes on these writers, I find that they offer three types of statement (a) from some, you learn directly by restating systematically what the man says on given points or as a whole (b) some you accept or refute, giving reasons and arguments (c) others you use as a source of suggestions for your own elaborations and projects. This involves grasping a point and then asking How can I put this into testable shape, and how can I test it? How can I use this as a center from which to elaborate-as a perspective from which descriptive details emerge as relevant?It is in this handling of existing ideas, of course, that you feel yourself in continuity with previous work. Here are two excerpts from preliminary notes on Mosca, which may illustrate what I have been trying to describe In humanitarian to his historical anecdotes, Mosca backs up his thesis with this asse rtion Its the power of organization that enables the minority always to rule. There are organized minorities and they run things and men. There are uncoordinated majorities and they are run. (2) But why not also consider (1) the organized minority, (2) the organized majority, (3) the unorganized minority, (4) the unorganized majority.This is worth full-scale exploration. The first thing that has to be straightened out just what is the meaning of organized? I think Mosca means capable of more or less continuous and co-ordinated policies and actions. If so, his thesis is right by definition. He would also say, I believe, that an organized majority is impossible because all it would amount to is that new leaders, new elites, would be on top of these majority organizations, and he is quite ready to pick up these leaders in his The Ruling Class. He calls them directing minorities, all of which is pretty flimsy stuff alongside his big statement.One thing that occurs to me (1 think it is the core of the problems of definition that Mosca presents to us) is this from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, we have witnessed a shift from a society organized as 1 and 4 to a society established more in terms of 3 and 2. We have moved from an elite state to an organization state, in which the elite is no longer so organized nor so unilaterally powerful, and the mass is more organized and more powerful. Some power has been made in the streets, and just about it the whole social structures and their elites have pivoted.And what section of the ruling class is more organized than the farm bloc? Thats not a rhetorical question I can answer it either way at this time its a matter of degree. All I want now is to get it out in the open. Mosca makes one point that seems to me excellent and worth elaborating farther There is often in the ruling class, according to him, a top clique and there is this reciprocal ohm and larger stratum, with which (a) the top is in continuous and immediate contact, and with which (b) it shares ideas and sentiments and hence, he believes, policies.(page 430) Cheek and see if anywhere else in the book, he makes other points of connection. Is the clique recruited largely from the south level? Is the top, in some way, responsible for, or at least sensitive to, this second stratum? Now forget Mosca in other vocabulary, we have, (a) the elite, by which we here mean that top clique, (b) those who count, and (c) all the others. Membership in the second and third, in this scheme, is defined by the first, and the second may be quite alter in its size and composition and relations with the first and the third.(What, by the way, is the range of variations of the relations of (b) to (a) and to (c)? Examine Mosca for hints and further extend this by considering it systematically. ) This scheme may enable me more neatly to take into account the different elites, which are elites according to the several dimensions of stratification. Al so, of course, to pick up in a neat and meaningful way the Paretian distinction of governing and non-governing elites in a way less formal than Pareto. Certainly many top-status people would at least be in the second.So would the big rich. The Clique or The Elite would refer to power, or to authority, as the case may be. The elite in this vocabulary would always mean the power elite. The other top people would be the upper classes or the upper circles. So in a way, maybe, we can use this in connection with two major problems the structure of the elite and the conceptual-later perhaps, the substantive-relations of stratification and elite theories. (Work this out. ) From the standpoint of power, it is easier to pick out those who count than those who rule.When we try to do the first we select the top levels as a sort of loose aggregate and we are guided by position. But when we attempt the second, we must indicate in clear detail how they preserve power and just how they are relate d to the social instrumentalities through which power is exercised. Also we deal more with persons than positions, or at least have to take persons into account. Now power in the United States involves more than one elite. How can we judge the relative positions of these several elites? Depends upon the issue and decisions being made.One elite sees another as among those who count. There is this mutual recognition among the elite, that other elites count in one way or another they are important people to one another. Project select 3 or 4 key decisions of last decade-to drop the atom, to cut or raise steel production, the C. M. strike of 45-and trace in detail the personnel involved in each of them. Might use decisions and decision-making as interview pegs when you go out for intensives. 3 There comes a time in the course of your work when you are through with other books.Whatever you want from them is down in your notes and abstracts and on the margins of these notes, as well as in a separate file, are ideas for empirical studies. Now I do not like to do empirical work if I can peradventure avoid it. If one has no staff it is a great deal of trouble if one does employ a staff, then the staff is often even more trouble. In the intellectual condition of the social sciences today, there is so much to do by way of initial structuring (let the word stand for the kind of work I am describing) that much empirical research is bound to be thin and uninteresting.Much of it, in fact, is a formal exercise for beginning students, and sometimes a useful pursuit for those who are not able to handle the more difficult substantive problems of social science. There is no more virtue in empirical inquiry as such than in reading as such. The purpose of empirical inquiry is to settle disagreements and doubts about facts, and thus to make arguments more fruitful by basing all sides more substantively. Facts discipline reason but reason is the advance guard in any field of learnin g.Although you will never be able to get the money with which to do many of the empirical studies you design, it is necessary that you continue designing them. For once you lay out an empirical study, even if you do not follow it through, it leads you to a new search for data, which often turn out to have unsuspected relevance to your problems. Just as it is foolish to design a field study if the answer can be found in a library, it is foolish to think you have exhausted the books before you have translated them into appropriate empirical studies, which merely means into questions of fact.Empirical projects necessary to my kind of work must promise, first, to have relevance for the first draft, of which I wrote above they have to confirm it in its original form or they have to cause its modification. Or to put it more pretentiously, they must have implications for theoretical constructions. Second, the projects must be efficient and neat and, if possible, ingenious. By this I mean t hat they must promise to yield a great deal of material in proportion to the time and effort they involve. But how is this to be done?The most economical way to state a problem is in such a way as to solve as much of it as possible by reasoning alone. By reasoning we try (a) to isolate each question of fact that remains (b) to ask these questions of fact in such ways that the answers promise to help us solve further problems by further reasoning. (3) To take hold of problems in this way, you have to pay attention to four stages but it is usually best to go through all four many times rather than to get stuck in any one of them too long.The steps are (1) the elements and definitions that, from your general awareness of the topic, issue, or area of concern, you think you are going to have to take into account (2) the logical relations between these definitions and elements building these little preliminary models, by the way, affords the best chance for the play of the sociological im agination (3) the elimination of false views due to omissions of needed elements, improper or unclear definitions of terms, or undue emphasis on some part of the range and its logical extensions (4) statement and re-statement of the questions of fact that remain.The third step, by the way, is a very necessary but often neglected part of any adequate statement of a problem. The popular awareness of the problem-the problem as an issue and as a trouble-must be carefully taken into account that is part of the problem. Scholarly statements, of course, must be carefully examined and either used up in the re-statement being made, or thrown out. Before deciding upon the empirical studies necessary for the job at hand, I began to sketch a larger design within which various small-scale studies began to arise.Again, I excerpt from the files I am not yet in a position to study the upper circles as a whole in a systematic and empirical way. So what I do is set forth some definitions and procedur es that form a sort of ideal design for such a study. I can then attempt, first, to gather existing materials that judge this design second, to think of convenient ways of gathering materials, given the existing indices, that satisfy it at crucial points and third, as I proceed, to make more particularised the full-scale, empirical researches that would in the end be necessary.The upper circles must, of course, be defined systematically in terms of specific variables. Formally-and this is more or less Paretos way they are the people who have the most of whatever is available of any given value or set of values. So I have to make two decisions What variables shall I take as the criteria, and what do I mean by the most? After Ive decided on my variables, I must construct the best indices I can, if possible quantifiable indices, in order to distribute the population in terms of them only then can I begin to decide what I mean by the most.For this should, in part, be left for determin ation by empirical inspection of the various distributions, and their overlaps. My key variables should, at first, be general enough to give me some latitude in the choice of indices, yet specific enough to invite the search for empirical indices. As I go along, Ill have to shuttle between conceptions and indices, guided by the desire not to lose intended meanings and yet to be quite specific about them. Here are the four Weberian variables with which I will begin I.Class refers to sources and amounts of income. So Ill need property distributions and income distributions. The ideal material here (which is very scarce, and unfortunately dated) is a cross-tabulation of source and amount of annual income. Thus, we know that X per cent of the population received during 1936 Y millions or over, and that Z per cent of all this money was from property, W per cent from entrepreneurial withdrawal, Q per cent from wages and salaries.Along this class dimension, I can define the upper circles-t hose who have the most-either as those who receive given amounts of income during a given time-or, as those who make up the upper two per cent of the income pyramid. Look into treasury records and lists of big taxpayers. See if TNEC tables on source and amount of income can be brought up to date. II. Status refers to the amounts of deference received. For this, there are no simple or quantifiable indices. Existing indices desire personal interviews for their application, are limited so far to local community studies, and are mostly no good anyway.There is the further problem that, unlike class, status involves social relations at least one to receive and one to bestow the deference. It is easy to confuse publicity with deference-or rather, we do not yet know whether or not volume of publicity should be used as an index to status position, although it is the most easily available (For example On one or two successive days in mid-March 1952, the following categories of people were me ntioned by name in the New York Times-or on selected pages-work this out) III.Power refers to the realization of ones will even if others resist. Like status, this has not been well indexed. I dont think I can keep it a single dimension, but will have to talk (a) of formal authority defined by rights and powers of positions in various institutions, especially military, political, and economic. And (b) powers known informally to be exercised but not formally instituted-pressure gathering leaders, propagandists with extensive media at their disposal, and so on. IV. Occupation refers to activities that are paid for.Here, again, I must choose just which feature of occupation I should seize upon. (a) If I use the average incomes of various occupations, to rank them, I am of course using occupation as an index, and as the basis of, class. In like manner (b) if I use the status or the power typically attached to different occupations, then I am using occupations as indices, and bases, of power and skill or talent. But this is by no means an easy way to classify people. learning-no more than status-is not a homogeneous something of which there is more or less.Attempts to treat it as such have usually been put in terms of the length of time required to acquire various skills, and maybe that will have to do, although I hope I can think of something better. Those are the types of problems I will have to solve in order to define analytically and empirically the upper circles, in terms of these four key variables. For purposes of design, assume I have solved them to my satisfaction, and that I have distributed the population in terms of each of them. I would then have four sets of people those at the top in class, status, power, and skill.Suppose further, that I had singled out the top two per cent of each distribution, as an upper circle. I then confront this empirically answerable question How much, if any, overlap is there among each of these four distributions? One range of possibilities can be located within this simple chart (+ = top two per cent = lower 98 per cent). CLASS ___________________________________________ + __ STATUS STATUS ____________________________________________________________ _____________ + __ + __ + Skill + 1 2 3 4 Power __ 5 6 8 8 Skill + 9 10 11 12 __ 13 14 15 16 __________________ _______________________________________________________ This diagram, if I had the materials to fill it, would contain major data and many important problems for a study of the upper circles. It would provide keys to many definitional and substantive questions. I dont have the data, and I shant be able to get it-which makes it all the more important that I speculate about it, for in the course of such reflection, if it is guided by the desire to approximate the empirical requirements.